forgot to do a version bump for Frustum culling 0.9.0 -> 0.9.1

Added Frustum culling using AABB boxes on chunks, seems to work. Difference of 40fps and 160fps on higher render distances (10)

Reviewed-on: #2

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ add_executable(VoxelEngine
     src/Mesh.cpp
     src/Chunk.h
     src/Chunk.cpp
+    src/Player.h
+    src/Perlin.h
 )
 
 # --- Configure GLAD (from your src/ and include/ folders) ---

README.md

@@ -41,3 +41,21 @@ When placing a block, the program now raycasts to place where the camera is look
 It took me a couple of days to fix the ray casting. I forgot that my mesh is offset by 0.5, so 3/4 raycasts looked at least a block off of what the camera was looking at.
 
 ![Hello, written in blocks on a dirt plane](.attachments/fixed-raycast.png)
+
+## 0.7.0 : Physics - 11/18/25
+
+Woah! The camera doesn't just phase through placed blocks anymore! The camera can also fall into the void for eternity! So cool!
+
+![The camera, sitting atop a built platform, overlooking another "Hi" built from stone](.attachments/physics.png)
+
+## 0.8.0 : Data Structure Redo - 11/19/25
+
+Final part of the blog post tutorial. Changing the data structure of the Chunk's to store voxels in a 1d array instead of a HashMap.
+
+![Hi written on a dirt plane in stone.](.attachments/data-structure-redo.png)
+
+## 0.9.0 : Perlin Noise - 11/24/25
+
+Woah! Look at that, not a flat plane of dirt. This update adds variation to terrian height with a height map generated by perlin noise. Unfortunately, this tanks FPS. So I need to make the engine _faster_.
+
+![Rolling green hills](.attachments/perlin-noise.png)

shaders/cube_frag.glsl

@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@ void main()
     // You can now use v_VoxelKind to modify the color
     // Example: Different colors for different voxel types
     vec3 color = u_Color;
-    if (v_VoxelKind == 0.0) {
+    if (v_VoxelKind == 1.0) {
         // Dirt - brownish
         color *= vec3(0.6, 0.4, 0.2);
-    } else if (v_VoxelKind == 1.0) {
+    } else if (v_VoxelKind == 2.0) {
+        color *= vec3(0.2, 0.8, 0.2);
+    } else if (v_VoxelKind == 3.0) {
         // Stone - grayish (keep as is)
     }
 

src/Camera.h

@@ -1,77 +1,39 @@
 #ifndef CAMERA_H
 #define CAMERA_H
 
+#include <math.h>
+
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
 
-#include "World.h"
+#include "Player.h"
+#include "Frustum.h"
 
-const float CAMERA_HEIGHT = 1.8f;
-const float GRAVITY = 18.6f; // Should be in m/s^2 but it doesn't really work out with 9.8 so we double it
 
 class Camera
 {
   public:
-    glm::vec3 position;
+    Player* player;
     glm::vec3 target;
     glm::vec3 direction;
     glm::vec3 up;
-
-    // Movement
-    glm::vec3 horizontal_velocity;
-    glm::vec3 forward_velocity;
-    glm::vec3 vertical_velocity;
-
-    bool grounded;
-
-    float speed;
-
     glm::vec3 worldUp;
 
-    Camera(float speed, glm::vec3 pos)
+    Camera(Player* player)
     {
-        this->speed = speed;
-        this->vertical_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-
-        this->horizontal_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-        this->forward_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-
-        this->position = pos;
+        this->player = player;
         this->target = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
 
-        this->direction = glm::normalize(this->position);
+        this->direction = glm::normalize(this->player->position);
         this->worldUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
 
         glm::vec3 right = glm::normalize(glm::cross(up, this->direction));
         this->up = glm::cross(this->direction, right);
-
-        this->grounded = false;
-    }
-
-    Camera(glm::vec3 pos, glm::vec3 target, float speed)
-    {
-        this->speed = speed;
-        this->vertical_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-
-        this->horizontal_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-        this->forward_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-
-        this->position = pos;
-        this->target = target;
-
-        this->direction = glm::normalize(this->position - this->target);
-        this->worldUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
-
-        glm::vec3 right = glm::normalize(glm::cross(up, this->direction));
-        this->up = glm::cross(this->direction, right);
-
-        this->grounded = false;
     }
 
     glm::mat4 getView()
     {
-        glm::vec3 real_camera_pos = this->position;
-        real_camera_pos.y += CAMERA_HEIGHT;
+        glm::vec3 real_camera_pos = this->player->getEyePosition();
 
         glm::mat4 v = glm::lookAt(real_camera_pos,
                            real_camera_pos + this->target,
@@ -80,82 +42,80 @@ class Camera
         return v;
     }
 
-    void move(World* world, float time) // time passed in seconds since last move
-    {
-        // bool in_air = this->position.y > 1;
-
-        // if (this->position.y > 1)
-        //     this->vertical_velocity.y -= (GRAVITY * time); // no way! physics reference?
-
-        glm::vec3 velocity = this->forward_velocity + this->horizontal_velocity + this->vertical_velocity;
-
-        glm::vec3 position_delta = (velocity * time);
-
-        // glm::vec3 new_position = this->position + position_delta;
-
-        // AABB Algorithm
-        glm::vec3 aabb_dims = glm::vec3(0.8f, 1.8f, 0.8f);
-        glm::vec3 aabb_half_dims = aabb_dims / 2.0f;
-
-        glm::vec3 aabb_center_offset = glm::vec3(0.0f, aabb_dims.y / 2.0f, 0.0f);
-
-        bool y_axis_collided = false;
-
-        for (int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
-            glm::vec3 target_position = this->position;
-            target_position[axis] += position_delta[axis];
-
-            glm::vec3 aabb_center = target_position + aabb_center_offset;
-            glm::vec3 adjusted_center = aabb_center + glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
-            glm::vec3 min = glm::floor(adjusted_center - aabb_half_dims);
-            glm::vec3 max = glm::ceil(adjusted_center + aabb_half_dims);
-
-            bool collided = false;
-            for (int x = min.x; x < max.x && !collided; x++) {
-                for (int y = min.y; y < max.y && !collided; y++) {
-                    for (int z = min.z; z < max.z && !collided; z++) {
-                        glm::ivec3 calculated_position = glm::ivec3(x, y, z);
-                        if (world->get_voxel(calculated_position).has_value()) {
-                            collided = true;
-                            // std::cout << "Collided!!" << std::endl;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (!collided) {
-                this->position[axis] = target_position[axis];
-            } else if (axis == 1) {
-                y_axis_collided = true;
-                grounded = true;
-                this->vertical_velocity.y = 0.0f;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!y_axis_collided) {
-            this->vertical_velocity.y -= GRAVITY * time;
-            grounded = false;
-        }
-
-
-
-        // this->position += movement;
-
-        // Don't want to clip into the ground right
-        // if (this->position.y <= 1 && in_air)
-        // {
-        //     this->position.y = 0.0f;
-        //     this->vertical_velocity.y = 0.0f;
-        // }
-
+    glm::vec3 getEyePosition() const {
+        return player->getEyePosition();
     }
 
-    glm::vec3 getEyePosition() const {
-        return position + glm::vec3(0.0f, CAMERA_HEIGHT, 0.0f);
+    // Build frustum from view-projection matrix (more reliable method)
+    Frustum createFrustumFromMatrix(const glm::mat4& viewProj) {
+        Frustum frustum;
+        
+        // Extract planes from view-projection matrix
+        // Left plane
+        frustum.leftFace.normal.x = viewProj[0][3] + viewProj[0][0];
+        frustum.leftFace.normal.y = viewProj[1][3] + viewProj[1][0];
+        frustum.leftFace.normal.z = viewProj[2][3] + viewProj[2][0];
+        frustum.leftFace.distance = viewProj[3][3] + viewProj[3][0];
+        
+        // Right plane
+        frustum.rightFace.normal.x = viewProj[0][3] - viewProj[0][0];
+        frustum.rightFace.normal.y = viewProj[1][3] - viewProj[1][0];
+        frustum.rightFace.normal.z = viewProj[2][3] - viewProj[2][0];
+        frustum.rightFace.distance = viewProj[3][3] - viewProj[3][0];
+        
+        // Bottom plane
+        frustum.bottomFace.normal.x = viewProj[0][3] + viewProj[0][1];
+        frustum.bottomFace.normal.y = viewProj[1][3] + viewProj[1][1];
+        frustum.bottomFace.normal.z = viewProj[2][3] + viewProj[2][1];
+        frustum.bottomFace.distance = viewProj[3][3] + viewProj[3][1];
+        
+        // Top plane
+        frustum.topFace.normal.x = viewProj[0][3] - viewProj[0][1];
+        frustum.topFace.normal.y = viewProj[1][3] - viewProj[1][1];
+        frustum.topFace.normal.z = viewProj[2][3] - viewProj[2][1];
+        frustum.topFace.distance = viewProj[3][3] - viewProj[3][1];
+        
+        // Near plane
+        frustum.nearFace.normal.x = viewProj[0][3] + viewProj[0][2];
+        frustum.nearFace.normal.y = viewProj[1][3] + viewProj[1][2];
+        frustum.nearFace.normal.z = viewProj[2][3] + viewProj[2][2];
+        frustum.nearFace.distance = viewProj[3][3] + viewProj[3][2];
+        
+        // Far plane
+        frustum.farFace.normal.x = viewProj[0][3] - viewProj[0][2];
+        frustum.farFace.normal.y = viewProj[1][3] - viewProj[1][2];
+        frustum.farFace.normal.z = viewProj[2][3] - viewProj[2][2];
+        frustum.farFace.distance = viewProj[3][3] - viewProj[3][2];
+        
+        // Normalize all planes
+        float length;
+        
+        length = glm::length(frustum.leftFace.normal);
+        frustum.leftFace.normal /= length;
+        frustum.leftFace.distance /= length;
+        
+        length = glm::length(frustum.rightFace.normal);
+        frustum.rightFace.normal /= length;
+        frustum.rightFace.distance /= length;
+        
+        length = glm::length(frustum.bottomFace.normal);
+        frustum.bottomFace.normal /= length;
+        frustum.bottomFace.distance /= length;
+        
+        length = glm::length(frustum.topFace.normal);
+        frustum.topFace.normal /= length;
+        frustum.topFace.distance /= length;
+        
+        length = glm::length(frustum.nearFace.normal);
+        frustum.nearFace.normal /= length;
+        frustum.nearFace.distance /= length;
+        
+        length = glm::length(frustum.farFace.normal);
+        frustum.farFace.normal /= length;
+        frustum.farFace.distance /= length;
+        
+        return frustum;
     }
 };
 
 #endif
-
-
-

src/Chunk.cpp

@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ void addFace(glm::ivec3 pos, const float *faceVertices, float voxelKind, std::ve
         float world_z = v[2] + pos.z;
 
         // Debug: Print first vertex of first face
-        if (vbo.empty() && i == 0) {
-            std::cout << "[MESH] First vertex - Local pos: (" << pos.x << ", " << pos.y << ", " << pos.z << ")" << std::endl;
-            std::cout << "[MESH] First vertex - World: (" << world_x << ", " << world_y << ", " << world_z << ")" << std::endl;
-        }
+        // if (vbo.empty() && i == 0) {
+            // std::cout << "[MESH] First vertex - Local pos: (" << pos.x << ", " << pos.y << ", " << pos.z << ")" << std::endl;
+            // std::cout << "[MESH] First vertex - World: (" << world_x << ", " << world_y << ", " << world_z << ")" << std::endl;
+        // }
 
         vbo.push_back(world_x);
         vbo.push_back(world_y);
@@ -73,17 +73,14 @@ void addFace(glm::ivec3 pos, const float *faceVertices, float voxelKind, std::ve
 }
 
 Chunk::Chunk() {
-    // mesh is initially null (nullptr)
-}
-
-Chunk::Chunk(std::unordered_map<glm::ivec3, VoxelKind> voxels) {
-    this->voxels = voxels;
+    this->data.fill(VoxelKind::Air);
 }
 
 Mesh* Chunk::getMesh() {
-    // Generate mesh on first access if not already generated
-    if (!mesh && !voxels.empty()) {
+    // Generate mesh on first access if not already generated, or if dirty
+    if ((!mesh || mesh_dirty) && !this->isEmpty()) {
         generateMesh();
+        mesh_dirty = false;
     }
     return mesh.get();
 }
@@ -103,14 +100,35 @@ void Chunk::generateMesh() {
         std::pair(glm::ivec3(0, 0, -1), backFace)       // back
     };
 
-    for (const std::pair<const glm::ivec3, VoxelKind>& pair : voxels) {
-        const glm::ivec3& pos = pair.first;
-        const VoxelKind& kind = pair.second;
+    for (int i = 0; i < TOTAL; ++i) {
+        VoxelKind kind = this->data[i];
+        if (kind == VoxelKind::Air) continue;
 
-        for (const std::pair<glm::ivec3, const float*>& neighborPair : neighbors) {
+        int x = i % SIZE;
+        int y = (i / SIZE) % SIZE;
+        int z = i / (SIZE * SIZE);
+
+        glm::ivec3 pos(x, y, z);
+
+        for (const auto& neighborPair : neighbors) {
             glm::ivec3 dir = neighborPair.first;
             const float* face = neighborPair.second;
-            if (voxels.count(pos + dir) == 0) {
+            int nx = x + dir.x;
+            int ny = y + dir.y;
+            int nz = z + dir.z;
+
+            bool neighbour_is_solid = false;
+            // in-bounds neighbor -> check data
+            if (nx >= 0 && nx < SIZE && ny >= 0 && ny < SIZE && nz >= 0 && nz < SIZE) {
+                // std::cout << "Accessing " << nx << ", " << ny << ", " << nz << std::endl;
+                neighbour_is_solid = (data[index(nx, ny, nz)] != VoxelKind::Air);
+            } else {
+                // neighbour out of this chunk: treat as air (exposed face)
+                // or call into World to query adjacent chunk here
+                neighbour_is_solid = false;
+            }
+
+            if (!neighbour_is_solid) {
                 addFace(pos, face, static_cast<float>(kind), vboData, eboData);
             }
         }
@@ -125,12 +143,3 @@ void Chunk::generateMesh() {
     // Now, upload this data to our mesh object
     mesh->uploadData(vboData, eboData);
 }
-
-void Chunk::regenerateMesh() {
-    std::cout << "[REGENERATE] Regenerating mesh with " << voxels.size() << " voxels" << std::endl;
-    if (!voxels.empty()) {
-        auto first = voxels.begin();
-        std::cout << "[REGENERATE] First voxel at local: (" << first->first.x << ", " << first->first.y << ", " << first->first.z << ")" << std::endl;
-    }
-    this->generateMesh();
-}

src/Chunk.h

@@ -1,21 +1,28 @@
 #ifndef CHUNK_H
 #define CHUNK_H
 
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <memory>
+#include <array>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
 
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 
 #include "Mesh.h"
 
-enum VoxelKind {
+enum class VoxelKind : uint8_t {
+    Air,
     Dirt,
+    Grass,
     Stone
 };
 
 const int CHUNK_SIZE = 32;
 
 // Hash function for glm::ivec3 to use with unordered_set
+// Still used in World.h
 namespace std {
     template <>
     struct hash<glm::ivec3> {
@@ -33,18 +40,59 @@ namespace std {
 
 class Chunk {
   public:
-    std::unordered_map<glm::ivec3, VoxelKind> voxels;
 
     Chunk();
-    Chunk(std::unordered_map<glm::ivec3, VoxelKind> voxels);
 
     Mesh* getMesh();  // Returns pointer, can be null if not generated yet
 
     void generateMesh();
-    void regenerateMesh();
+
+    // Accessors
+    inline VoxelKind get(int x, int y, int z) const {
+        return data[index(x, y, z)];
+    }
+    inline VoxelKind get(glm::ivec3 pos) const {
+        // std::cout << "Getting Pos (" << pos.x << ", " << pos.y << ", " << pos.z << ")" << std::endl;
+        return data[index(pos.x, pos.y, pos.z)];
+    }
+
+    // Mutators
+    inline void set(int x, int y, int z, VoxelKind v) {
+        data[index(x, y, z)] = v;
+        empty_checked = false;  // Invalidate cache
+        mesh_dirty = true;  // Mark mesh as needing regeneration
+    }
+    inline void set(glm::ivec3 pos, VoxelKind v) {
+        // std::cout << "Setting Pos (" << pos.x << ", " << pos.y << ", " << pos.z << ")" << std::endl;
+        data[index(pos.x, pos.y, pos.z)] = v;
+        empty_checked = false;  // Invalidate cache
+        mesh_dirty = true;  // Mark mesh as needing regeneration
+    }
+
+    // Other
+    inline bool isEmpty() const {
+        if (!empty_checked) {
+            is_empty = std::all_of(data.begin(), data.end(), [](VoxelKind k){
+                return k == VoxelKind::Air;
+            });
+            empty_checked = true;
+        }
+        return is_empty;
+    }
 
   private:
+    static constexpr int SIZE = CHUNK_SIZE;
+    static constexpr int TOTAL = SIZE * SIZE * SIZE;
+    std::array<VoxelKind, TOTAL> data;
+
     std::unique_ptr<Mesh> mesh;  // Nullable mesh
+    mutable bool is_empty = true;  // Cache empty state
+    mutable bool empty_checked = false;  // Track if we've checked
+    bool mesh_dirty = true;  // Track if mesh needs regeneration
+
+    static inline constexpr int index(int x, int y, int z) noexcept {
+        return x + (y * SIZE) + (z * SIZE * SIZE);
+    }
 };
 
-#endif CHUNK_H
+#endif // CHUNK_H

src/Frustum.h

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#ifndef FRUSTUM_H
+#define FRUSTUM_H
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+
+struct Plane {
+    glm::vec3 normal = { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f };
+    float distance = 0.0f;
+
+    // Distance from point to plane (positive = in front, negative = behind)
+    float distanceToPoint(const glm::vec3& point) const {
+        return glm::dot(normal, point) + distance;
+    }
+};
+
+struct AABB {
+    glm::vec3 min;
+    glm::vec3 max;
+
+    // Get center point
+    glm::vec3 getCenter() const {
+        return (min + max) * 0.5f;
+    }
+
+    // Get positive extents (half-size)
+    glm::vec3 getExtents() const {
+        return (max - min) * 0.5f;
+    }
+};
+
+struct Frustum {
+    Plane topFace;
+    Plane bottomFace;
+    Plane rightFace;
+    Plane leftFace;
+    Plane farFace;
+    Plane nearFace;
+
+    // Test if AABB is in frustum (returns true if visible)
+    bool isAABBVisible(const AABB& aabb) const {
+        // For each plane, check if the AABB is completely behind it
+        // If it's behind any plane, it's outside the frustum
+        return isOnOrForwardPlane(topFace, aabb) &&
+               isOnOrForwardPlane(bottomFace, aabb) &&
+               isOnOrForwardPlane(rightFace, aabb) &&
+               isOnOrForwardPlane(leftFace, aabb) &&
+               isOnOrForwardPlane(farFace, aabb) &&
+               isOnOrForwardPlane(nearFace, aabb);
+    }
+
+private:
+    // Check if AABB is on or in front of plane
+    bool isOnOrForwardPlane(const Plane& plane, const AABB& aabb) const {
+        // Get the positive vertex (furthest point in direction of normal)
+        const glm::vec3 center = aabb.getCenter();
+        const glm::vec3 extents = aabb.getExtents();
+
+        // Project extents onto plane normal to get the effective radius
+        const float radius = extents.x * std::abs(plane.normal.x) +
+                            extents.y * std::abs(plane.normal.y) +
+                            extents.z * std::abs(plane.normal.z);
+
+        // Distance from center to plane
+        const float dist = plane.distanceToPoint(center);
+
+        // AABB is visible if center is within radius distance from plane
+        return dist >= -radius;
+    }
+};
+
+#endif

src/Perlin.h

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#ifndef PERLIN_H
+#define PERLIN_H
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <random>
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+
+
+// Doesn't need to be super fast because assumedly I'm not making Perlin noise _that_ often
+std::vector<int> makePermutation() {
+    std::vector<int> permutation;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        permutation.push_back(i);
+    }
+
+    std::random_device rd;
+    std::mt19937 g(rd());
+
+    std::shuffle(permutation.begin(), permutation.end(), g);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        permutation.push_back(permutation[i]);
+    }
+
+    return permutation;
+}
+
+glm::vec2 getConstantVector(int v) {
+    int h = v & 3;
+
+    if (h == 0) {
+        return glm::vec2(1.0f, 1.0f);
+    } else if (h == 1) {
+        return glm::vec2(-1.0f, 1.0f);
+    } else if (h == 2) {
+        return glm::vec2(-1.0f, -1.0f);
+    }
+
+    return glm::vec2(1.0f, -1.0f);
+}
+
+float fade(float t) {
+    return ((6 * t - 15) * t + 10) * t * t * t;
+}
+
+// linear interpolation
+float lerp(float t, float a1, float a2) {
+    return a1 + t * (a2 - a1);
+}
+
+float perlinNoise2D(const float x, const float y, const std::vector<int>& permutation) {
+    const int X = (int)floorf(x) & 255;
+    const int Y = (int)floorf(y) & 255;
+
+    const float xf = x - floorf(x);
+    const float yf = y - floorf(y);
+
+    const glm::vec2 topRight    = glm::vec2(xf - 1.0f, yf - 1.0f);
+    const glm::vec2 topLeft     = glm::vec2(xf, yf - 1.0f);
+    const glm::vec2 bottomRight = glm::vec2(xf - 1.0f, yf);
+    const glm::vec2 bottomLeft  = glm::vec2(xf, yf);
+
+    const int valueTopRight    = permutation[permutation[X+1]+Y+1];
+    const int valueTopLeft     = permutation[permutation[X]+Y+1];
+    const int valueBottomRight = permutation[permutation[X+1]+Y];
+    const int valueBottomLeft  = permutation[permutation[X]+Y];
+
+    const auto dotTopRight    = glm::dot(topRight, getConstantVector(valueTopRight));
+    const auto dotTopLeft     = glm::dot(topLeft, getConstantVector(valueTopLeft));
+    const auto dotBottomRight = glm::dot(bottomRight, getConstantVector(valueBottomRight));
+    const auto dotBottomLeft  = glm::dot(bottomLeft, getConstantVector(valueBottomLeft));
+
+    const float u = fade(xf);
+    const float v = fade(yf);
+
+    return lerp(
+        u,
+        lerp(v, dotBottomLeft, dotTopLeft),
+        lerp(v, dotBottomRight, dotTopRight)
+    );
+}
+
+#endif
+

src/Player.h

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#ifndef PLAYER_H
+#define PLAYER_H
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+#include "World.h"
+
+const float PLAYER_HEIGHT = 1.8f;
+const float GRAVITY = 18.6f; // Should be in m/s^2 but it doesn't really work out with 9.8 so we double it
+
+class Player
+{
+  public:
+    glm::vec3 position;
+    
+    // Movement velocities
+    glm::vec3 horizontal_velocity;
+    glm::vec3 forward_velocity;
+    glm::vec3 vertical_velocity;
+    
+    bool grounded;
+    float speed;
+
+    Player(float speed, glm::vec3 pos)
+    {
+        this->speed = speed;
+        this->position = pos;
+        
+        this->horizontal_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        this->forward_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        this->vertical_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        
+        this->grounded = false;
+    }
+
+    void move(World* world, float time) // time passed in seconds since last move
+    {
+        glm::vec3 velocity = this->forward_velocity + this->horizontal_velocity + this->vertical_velocity;
+        glm::vec3 position_delta = (velocity * time);
+
+        // AABB Algorithm
+        glm::vec3 aabb_dims = glm::vec3(0.8f, 1.8f, 0.8f);
+        glm::vec3 aabb_half_dims = aabb_dims / 2.0f;
+        glm::vec3 aabb_center_offset = glm::vec3(0.0f, aabb_dims.y / 2.0f, 0.0f);
+
+        bool y_axis_collided = false;
+
+        for (int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
+            glm::vec3 target_position = this->position;
+            target_position[axis] += position_delta[axis];
+
+            glm::vec3 aabb_center = target_position + aabb_center_offset;
+            glm::vec3 adjusted_center = aabb_center + glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
+            glm::vec3 min = glm::floor(adjusted_center - aabb_half_dims);
+            glm::vec3 max = glm::ceil(adjusted_center + aabb_half_dims);
+
+            bool collided = false;
+            for (int x = min.x; x < max.x && !collided; x++) {
+                for (int y = min.y; y < max.y && !collided; y++) {
+                    for (int z = min.z; z < max.z && !collided; z++) {
+                        glm::ivec3 calculated_position = glm::ivec3(x, y, z);
+                        if (world->get_voxel(calculated_position) != VoxelKind::Air) {
+                            collided = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!collided) {
+                this->position[axis] = target_position[axis];
+            } else if (axis == 1) {
+                y_axis_collided = true;
+                grounded = true;
+                this->vertical_velocity.y = 0.0f;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!y_axis_collided) {
+            this->vertical_velocity.y -= GRAVITY * time;
+            grounded = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    glm::vec3 getEyePosition() const {
+        return position + glm::vec3(0.0f, PLAYER_HEIGHT, 0.0f);
+    }
+};
+
+#endif

src/World.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "World.h"
+#include "Perlin.h"
 
 #include <iostream>
 
@@ -20,51 +21,67 @@ glm::ivec3 floor_divide(glm::ivec3 value, int divisor) {
     return result;
 }
 
-World::World() {}
+World::World() {
+    this->noise_permutation = makePermutation();
+}
 
-void World::set_voxel(glm::ivec3 position, std::optional<VoxelKind> kind) {
+void World::set_voxel(glm::ivec3 position, VoxelKind kind) {
     glm::ivec3 chunk_position = floor_divide(position, CHUNK_SIZE);
     glm::ivec3 local_position = positive_modulo(position, CHUNK_SIZE);
 
-    std::cout << "[SET_VOXEL] World pos: (" << position.x << ", " << position.y << ", " << position.z << ")" << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "[SET_VOXEL] Chunk pos: (" << chunk_position.x << ", " << chunk_position.y << ", " << chunk_position.z << ")" << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "[SET_VOXEL] Local pos: (" << local_position.x << ", " << local_position.y << ", " << local_position.z << ")" << std::endl;
+    // std::cout << "[SET_VOXEL] World pos: (" << position.x << ", " << position.y << ", " << position.z << ")" << std::endl;
+    // std::cout << "[SET_VOXEL] Chunk pos: (" << chunk_position.x << ", " << chunk_position.y << ", " << chunk_position.z << ")" << std::endl;
+    // std::cout << "[SET_VOXEL] Local pos: (" << local_position.x << ", " << local_position.y << ", " << local_position.z << ")" << std::endl;
 
     Chunk * chunk = get_or_create_chunk(chunk_position);
-    if (!kind.has_value()) {
-        chunk->voxels.erase(chunk->voxels.find(local_position));
-    } else {
-        chunk->voxels[local_position] = kind.value();
-    }
+    chunk->set(local_position, kind);
     
-    chunk->regenerateMesh();
+    // No need to call regenerateMesh() - the dirty flag will trigger regeneration on next getMesh()
 }
 
 Chunk* World::get_or_create_chunk(glm::ivec3 chunk_position) {
-    if (this->chunks.count(chunk_position) == 0) {
 
-        // Fill in new chunk with a flat plane of voxels at y=0
-        std::unordered_map<glm::ivec3, VoxelKind> voxels;
-        if (chunk_position.y == 0) {
-            for (int z = 0; z < CHUNK_SIZE; z++) {
+    // Fill in new chunk with a flat plane of voxels at y=0
+    auto [it, inserted] = this->chunks.try_emplace(chunk_position);
+    Chunk& chunk = it->second;
+
+    if (inserted) {
+
+        const float scale = 0.05f; // smaller = smoother, larger = more variation
+        const float heightMultiplier = 20.0f; // Maximum terrian height variation
+        const int baseHeight = 0; // Sea Level
+
+        for (int z = 0; z < CHUNK_SIZE; z++) {
+            for (int x = 0; x < CHUNK_SIZE; x++) {
+                glm::ivec3 world_pos = chunk_position * CHUNK_SIZE + glm::ivec3(x, 0, z);
+
+                float noise = perlinNoise2D(world_pos.x * scale, world_pos.z * scale, this->noise_permutation);
+
+                float normalizedNoise = (noise + 1.0f) * 0.5f;
+                int terrainHeight = baseHeight + (int)(normalizedNoise * heightMultiplier);
+
                 for (int y = 0; y < CHUNK_SIZE; y++) {
-                    for (int x = 0; x < CHUNK_SIZE; x++) {
-                        glm::ivec3 offset = glm::ivec3(x, y, z);
-                        glm::ivec3 world_voxel_position = chunk_position * CHUNK_SIZE + offset;
+                    glm::ivec3 offset = glm::ivec3(x, y, z);
+                    glm::ivec3 world_voxel_position = chunk_position * CHUNK_SIZE + offset;
 
-                        if (world_voxel_position.y == 0) {
-                            voxels[offset] = VoxelKind::Dirt;
-                        } else if (world_voxel_position.y < 0) {
-                            voxels[offset] = VoxelKind::Stone;
-                        }
+                    VoxelKind kind;
+                    if (world_voxel_position.y < terrainHeight - 3) {
+                        kind = VoxelKind::Stone;
+                    } else if (world_voxel_position.y < terrainHeight) {
+                        kind = VoxelKind::Dirt;  // Near surface
+                    } else if (world_voxel_position.y == terrainHeight) {
+                        kind = VoxelKind::Grass;  // Surface block (could be grass)
+                    } else {
+                        kind = VoxelKind::Air;  // Above terrain
                     }
+
+                    chunk.set(offset, kind);
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        this->chunks[chunk_position] = Chunk(voxels);
     }
-    return &this->chunks[chunk_position];
+
+    return &chunk;
 }
 
 std::optional<std::pair<glm::ivec3, glm::ivec3>> World::raycast_voxel(glm::vec3 start, glm::vec3 direction, float max_dist) {
@@ -133,7 +150,7 @@ std::optional<std::pair<glm::ivec3, glm::ivec3>> World::raycast_voxel(glm::vec3
 
         // std::cout << "[RAYCAST] Iteration " << iterations << " at voxel (" << pos.x << ", " << pos.y << ", " << pos.z << ")" << std::endl;
 
-        if (this->get_voxel(pos).has_value()) {
+        if (this->get_voxel(pos) != VoxelKind::Air) {
             // std::cout << "[RAYCAST] Hit voxel at (" << pos.x << ", " << pos.y << ", " << pos.z << ") after " << iterations << " iterations" << std::endl;
             // std::cout << "[RAYCAST] Returning normal: (" << -last_move.x << ", " << -last_move.y << ", " << -last_move.z << ")" << std::endl;
             return std::make_pair(pos, -last_move);
@@ -162,14 +179,11 @@ std::optional<std::pair<glm::ivec3, glm::ivec3>> World::raycast_voxel(glm::vec3
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-std::optional<VoxelKind> World::get_voxel(glm::ivec3 position) {
+VoxelKind World::get_voxel(glm::ivec3 position) {
     glm::ivec3 chunk_position = floor_divide(position, CHUNK_SIZE);
     glm::ivec3 local_position = positive_modulo(position, CHUNK_SIZE);
 
     Chunk* chunk = this->get_or_create_chunk(chunk_position);
-    auto it = chunk->voxels.find(local_position);
-    if (it != chunk->voxels.end()) {
-        return it->second;
-    }
-    return std::nullopt;
+
+    return chunk->get(local_position);
 }

src/World.h

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <optional>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 
@@ -15,13 +16,16 @@ class World
 
     World();
 
-    void set_voxel(glm::ivec3 position, std::optional<VoxelKind> kind);
+    void set_voxel(glm::ivec3 position, VoxelKind kind);
 
     std::optional<std::pair<glm::ivec3, glm::ivec3>> raycast_voxel(glm::vec3 start, glm::vec3 direction, float max_dist);
 
-    std::optional<VoxelKind> get_voxel(glm::ivec3 position);
+    VoxelKind get_voxel(glm::ivec3 position);
 
     Chunk* get_or_create_chunk(glm::ivec3 chunk_position);
+
+  private:
+    std::vector<int> noise_permutation;
 };
 
 #endif WORLD_H

src/main.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 
 #include "Shader.h"
+#include "Player.h"
 #include "Camera.h"
 #include "Object3D.h"
 #include "World.h"
@@ -30,12 +31,15 @@ const float Z_NEAR = 0.1f;
 bool WIREFRAME_MODE = !true;
 const float FOV = 110.0f;
 
-const int VIEW_DISTANCE = 4; // In Chunks
+const std::string VERSION = "0.9.1";
+
+const int VIEW_DISTANCE = 4;
 
 bool W_pressed, S_pressed, A_pressed, D_pressed = false;
 
 glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
-Camera camera = Camera(CAMERA_SPEED, glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.85f, 0.0f));
+Player player = Player(CAMERA_SPEED, glm::vec3(0.0f, 20.0f, 0.0f));
+Camera camera = Camera(&player);
 
 // Targeted block for highlighting
 std::optional<glm::ivec3> targeted_block = std::nullopt;
@@ -141,25 +145,25 @@ void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
     // Forward / Backward
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
     {
-        camera.forward_velocity = camera.speed * glm::vec3(camera.target.x, 0.0f, camera.target.z);
+        player.forward_velocity = player.speed * glm::vec3(camera.target.x, 0.0f, camera.target.z);
         W_pressed = true;
     }
 
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
     {
-        camera.forward_velocity = -camera.speed * glm::vec3(camera.target.x, 0.0f, camera.target.z);
+        player.forward_velocity = -player.speed * glm::vec3(camera.target.x, 0.0f, camera.target.z);
         S_pressed = true;
     }
 
 
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_RELEASE && S_pressed)
     {
-        camera.forward_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        player.forward_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
         S_pressed = false;
     }
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_RELEASE && W_pressed)
     {
-        camera.forward_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        player.forward_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
         W_pressed = false;
     }
 
@@ -167,44 +171,44 @@ void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
     // Horizontal
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
     {
-        camera.horizontal_velocity = -glm::normalize(glm::cross(glm::vec3(camera.target.x, 0.0f, camera.target.z), camera.worldUp)) * camera.speed;
+        player.horizontal_velocity = -glm::normalize(glm::cross(glm::vec3(camera.target.x, 0.0f, camera.target.z), camera.worldUp)) * player.speed;
         A_pressed = true;
     }
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
     {
-        camera.horizontal_velocity = glm::normalize(glm::cross(glm::vec3(camera.target.x, 0.0f, camera.target.z), camera.worldUp)) * camera.speed;
+        player.horizontal_velocity = glm::normalize(glm::cross(glm::vec3(camera.target.x, 0.0f, camera.target.z), camera.worldUp)) * player.speed;
         D_pressed = true;
     }
 
 
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_RELEASE && A_pressed)
     {
-        camera.horizontal_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        player.horizontal_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
         A_pressed = false;
     }
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_RELEASE && D_pressed)
     {
-        camera.horizontal_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        player.horizontal_velocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
         D_pressed = false;
     }
 
 
     // Jump
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_SPACE) == GLFW_PRESS)
-        // camera.velocity -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(camera.target, glm::normalize(glm::cross(camera.target, camera.worldUp)))) * camera.speed * 0.5f;
+        // player.velocity -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(camera.target, glm::normalize(glm::cross(camera.target, camera.worldUp)))) * player.speed * 0.5f;
     {
-        if (current_time - last_jump > JUMP_COOLDOWN && camera.grounded)
+        if (current_time - last_jump > JUMP_COOLDOWN && player.grounded)
         {
-            camera.vertical_velocity.y = JUMP_POWER;
+            player.vertical_velocity.y = JUMP_POWER;
             last_jump = current_time;
         }
     }
 
     // Sprint
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_LEFT_SHIFT) == GLFW_PRESS)
-        camera.speed = CAMERA_SPEED * 7.5;
+        player.speed = CAMERA_SPEED * 7.5;
     if(glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_LEFT_SHIFT) == GLFW_RELEASE)
-        camera.speed = CAMERA_SPEED * 20;
+        player.speed = CAMERA_SPEED * 20;
 
     static bool left_mouse_pressed = false;
     static bool right_mouse_pressed = false;
@@ -248,7 +252,7 @@ void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
             auto [target_block, normal] = raycast_result.value();
             std::cout << "Hit block at: (" << target_block.x << ", " << target_block.y << ", " << target_block.z << ")" << std::endl;
             std::cout << "Removing block at: (" << target_block.x << ", " << target_block.y << ", " << target_block.z << ")" << std::endl;
-            world.set_voxel(target_block, std::nullopt);
+            world.set_voxel(target_block, VoxelKind::Air);
         } else {
             std::cout << "No block hit within range" << std::endl;
         }
@@ -269,7 +273,7 @@ int main() {
     glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
 
     // 2. --- Create a Window ---
-    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "Voxel Engine 0.6.1", NULL, NULL);
+    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, ("Voxel Engine " + VERSION).c_str(), NULL, NULL);
     if (window == NULL) {
         std::cerr << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
         glfwTerminate();
@@ -391,8 +395,24 @@ int main() {
     glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
     bool debug_printed = false;
 
+    // FPS counter variables
+    double last_fps_update = glfwGetTime();
+    int frame_count = 0;
+    double fps = 0.0;
+
     // 6. --- The Render Loop ---
     while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
+        // Update FPS counter
+        double current_time = glfwGetTime();
+        frame_count++;
+        if (current_time - last_fps_update >= 1.0) {
+            fps = frame_count / (current_time - last_fps_update);
+            std::string title = "Voxel Engine " + VERSION + " | FPS: " + std::to_string((int)fps);
+            glfwSetWindowTitle(window, title.c_str());
+            frame_count = 0;
+            last_fps_update = current_time;
+        }
+
         // Input (e.g., close window on ESC)
         processInput(window);
 
@@ -403,32 +423,40 @@ int main() {
 
         shader.use();
 
-        // if (!debug_printed) {
-        //     std::cout << "\n=== RENDER DEBUG ===" << std::endl;
-        //     std::cout << "Camera pos: (" << camera.position.x << ", " << camera.position.y << ", " << camera.position.z << ")" << std::endl;
-        //     std::cout << "Camera target: (" << camera.target.x << ", " << camera.target.y << ", " << camera.target.z << ")" << std::endl;
-        //     // std::cout << "Number of chunks to draw: " << world.chunks.size() << std::endl;
-        // }
-
-        // Generate chunks around the camera
+        // Generate chunks around the player
         glm::ivec3 camera_chunk = glm::ivec3(
-            std::floor(camera.position.x / CHUNK_SIZE),
-            std::floor(camera.position.y / CHUNK_SIZE),
-            std::floor(camera.position.z / CHUNK_SIZE)
+            std::floor(player.position.x / CHUNK_SIZE),
+            std::floor(player.position.y / CHUNK_SIZE),
+            std::floor(player.position.z / CHUNK_SIZE)
         );
 
+        // Create frustum for culling from view-projection matrix
+        glm::mat4 viewProj = projection * view;
+        Frustum frustum = camera.createFrustumFromMatrix(viewProj);
+
         // ---- PASS 1: Draw solid grey cubes ----
         glEnable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL);
         glPolygonOffset(1.0, 1.0); // Push solid faces "back"
         glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);
         shader.setVec3("u_Color", glm::vec3(0.5, 0.5, 0.5));
 
-        for (int y = -VIEW_DISTANCE; y < VIEW_DISTANCE; y++) {
+        for (int y = -2; y < 2; y++) {  // Reduced from -VIEW_DISTANCE to VIEW_DISTANCE
             for (int z = -VIEW_DISTANCE; z < VIEW_DISTANCE; z++) {
                 for (int x = -VIEW_DISTANCE; x < VIEW_DISTANCE; x++) {
                     glm::ivec3 chunk_offset = glm::ivec3(x, y, z);
                     glm::ivec3 chunk_pos = camera_chunk + chunk_offset;
 
+                    // Create AABB for this chunk
+                    glm::vec3 chunkWorldPos = glm::vec3(chunk_pos * CHUNK_SIZE);
+                    AABB chunkAABB;
+                    chunkAABB.min = chunkWorldPos;
+                    chunkAABB.max = chunkWorldPos + glm::vec3(CHUNK_SIZE);
+
+                    // Frustum culling - skip if chunk is not visible
+                    if (!frustum.isAABBVisible(chunkAABB)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
                     glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
                     model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(chunk_pos * CHUNK_SIZE));
                     glm::mat4 mvp = projection * view * model;
@@ -437,18 +465,8 @@ int main() {
                     Chunk* chunk = world.get_or_create_chunk(chunk_pos);
 
                     Mesh* chunk_mesh = chunk->getMesh();
-                    if (chunk_mesh) {
-                        // Debug: Log when rendering chunks with your placed block
-                        static bool logged_placed_block = false;
-                        if (!logged_placed_block && chunk->voxels.count(glm::ivec3(0, 1, 31)) > 0) {
-                            std::cout << "\n[RENDER] ===== FOUND PLACED BLOCK =====" << std::endl;
-                            std::cout << "[RENDER] Drawing chunk at pos (" << chunk_pos.x << ", " << chunk_pos.y << ", " << chunk_pos.z << ")" << std::endl;
-                            std::cout << "[RENDER] Translation: (" << (chunk_pos.x * CHUNK_SIZE) << ", " << (chunk_pos.y * CHUNK_SIZE) << ", " << (chunk_pos.z * CHUNK_SIZE) << ")" << std::endl;
-                            std::cout << "[RENDER] Final world position should be: (" << (chunk_pos.x * CHUNK_SIZE + 0) << ", " << (chunk_pos.y * CHUNK_SIZE + 1) << ", " << (chunk_pos.z * CHUNK_SIZE + 31) << ")" << std::endl;
-                            logged_placed_block = true;
-                        }
+                    if (chunk_mesh)
                         chunk_mesh->draw();
-                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -463,12 +481,23 @@ int main() {
         glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE); // Just the lines
         shader.setVec3("u_Color", glm::vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0));
 
-        for (int y = -VIEW_DISTANCE; y < VIEW_DISTANCE; y++) {
+        for (int y = -2; y < 2; y++) {  // Reduced from -VIEW_DISTANCE to VIEW_DISTANCE
             for (int z = -VIEW_DISTANCE; z < VIEW_DISTANCE; z++) {
                 for (int x = -VIEW_DISTANCE; x < VIEW_DISTANCE; x++) {
                     glm::ivec3 chunk_offset = glm::ivec3(x, y, z);
                     glm::ivec3 chunk_pos = camera_chunk + chunk_offset;
 
+                    // Create AABB for this chunk
+                    glm::vec3 chunkWorldPos = glm::vec3(chunk_pos * CHUNK_SIZE);
+                    AABB chunkAABB;
+                    chunkAABB.min = chunkWorldPos;
+                    chunkAABB.max = chunkWorldPos + glm::vec3(CHUNK_SIZE);
+
+                    // Frustum culling - skip if chunk is not visible
+                    if (!frustum.isAABBVisible(chunkAABB)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
                     glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
                     model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(chunk_pos * CHUNK_SIZE));
                     glm::mat4 mvp = projection * view * model;
@@ -516,7 +545,7 @@ int main() {
         float time_since_last_move = end_time - move_time;
         if (time_since_last_move  >= 0.017)
         {
-            camera.move(&world, time_since_last_move);
+            player.move(&world, time_since_last_move);
             move_time = end_time;
         }